The Church of Panagia Kapnikarea (Greek: Εκκλησία της Παναγίας Καπνικαρέας) and one of the oldest churches in Athens. It is estimated that the church was built some time in the 11th century, perhaps around 1050. As it was common with the early Christian churches, this was built over an ancient Greek pagan temple dedicated to the worship of a goddess, possibly Athena or Demeter.